Rural-Urban Differences in Escape Behavior of European Birds across a Latitudinal Gradient

1 Department of Ecology, Bioscience Institute, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil, 2 Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States, 3 Department of Biogeography and Global Change, BGC-Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales-CSIC, Madrid, Spain, 4 Department of Zoology and Laboratory of Ornithology, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czechia, 5 Behavioral and Physiological Ecology Group, Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Studies, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands, 6 Department of Wetland Ecology, Estación Biológica de Doñana, CSIC, Sevilla, Spain, 7 Nature Inventory and EIA-Services, Arctic Centre, University of Lapland, Rovaniemi, Finland, 8 Department of Zoology, Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia, 9 Ecology Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Hungarian Natural History Museum, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary, 10 Behavioural Ecology Group, Department of Systematics, Zoology and Ecology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary, 11 Department of Plant Pathology, Szent István University, Budapest, Hungary, 12 Institute of Zoology, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Poznan, Poland, 13 Ecologie Systématique Evolution, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Paris-Sud, AgroParisTech, Université Saclay, Orsay, France